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CCNA ICND2 Exam Guide: Troubleshooting IP Routing
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Table of Contents
Foreword
Introduction
Part I: LAN Switching
Chapter 1 Virtual LANs
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 5
Foundation Topics 9
Virtual LAN Concepts
Trunking with ISL and 802.1Q
ISL
IEEE 802.1Q
ISL and 802.1Q Compared
IP Subnets and VLANs
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
Normal VTP Operation Using VTP Server and Client Modes
Three Requirements for VTP to Work Between Two Switches
Avoiding VTP by Using VTP Transparent Mode
Storing VLAN Configuration
VTP Versions
VTP Pruning
Summary of VTP Features
VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification
Creating VLANs and Assigning Access VLANs to an Interface
VLAN Configuration Example 1: Full VLAN Configuration
VLAN Configuration Example 2: Shorter VLAN Configuration
VLAN Trunking Configuration
Controlling Which VLANs Can Be Supported on a Trunk
Trunking to Cisco IP Phones
Securing VLANs and Trunking
VTP Configuration and Verification
Using VTP: Configuring Servers and Clients
Caveats When Moving Away from Default VTP Configuration
Avoiding VTP: Configuring Transparent Mode
Troubleshooting VTP
Determining Why VTP Is Not Currently Working
Problems When Connecting New Switches and Bringing Up Trunks
Avoiding VTP Problems Through Best Practices
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 2 Spanning Tree Protocol
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1d)
The Need for Spanning Tree
What IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Does
How Spanning Tree Works
The STP Bridge ID and Hello BPDU
Electing the Root Switch
Choosing Each Switch's Root Port
Choosing the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment
Reacting to Changes in the Network
Optional STP Features
EtherChannel
PortFast
STP Security
Rapid STP (IEEE 802.1w)
RSTP Link and Edge Types
RSTP Port States
RSTP Port Roles
RSTP Convergence
Edge-Type Behavior and PortFast
Link-Type Shared
Link-Type Point-to-Point
An Example of Speedy RSTP Convergence
STP Configuration and Verification
Multiple Instances of STP
Configuration Options That Influence the Spanning Tree Topology
The Bridge ID and System ID Extension
Per-VLAN Port Costs
STP Configuration Option Summary
Verifying Default STP Operation
Configuring STP Port Costs and Switch Priority
Configuring PortFast and BPDU Guard
Configuring EtherChannel
Configuring RSTP
STP Troubleshooting
Determining the Root Switch
Determining the Root Port on Nonroot Switches
Determining the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment
STP Convergence
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 3 Troubleshooting LAN Switching
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Generalized Troubleshooting Methodologies
Analyzing and Predicting Normal Network Operation
Data Plane Analysis
Control Plane Analysis
Predicting Normal Operations: Summary of the Process
Problem Isolation
Root Cause Analysis
Real World Versus the Exams
Troubleshooting the LAN Switching Data Plane
An Overview of the Normal LAN Switch Forwarding Process
Step 1: Confirm the Network Diagrams Using CDP
Step 2: Isolate Interface Problems
Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States
The notconnect State and Cabling Pinouts
Interface Speed and Duplex Issues
Step 3: Isolate Filtering and Port Security Problems
Step 4: Isolate VLAN and Trunking Problems
Ensuring That the Right Access Interfaces Are in the Right VLANs
Access VLANs Not Being Defined or Being Active
Identify Trunks and VLANs Forwarded on Those Trunks
Example: Troubleshooting the Data Plane
Step 1: Verify the Accuracy of the Diagram Using CDP
Step 2: Check for Interface Problems
Step 3: Check for Port Security Problems
Step 4: Check for VLAN and VLAN Trunk Problems
Predicting Normal Operation of the LAN Switching Data Plane
PC1 Broadcast in VLAN 1
Forwarding Path: Unicast from R1 to PC1
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Part II: IP Routing
Chapter 4 IP Routing: Static and Connected Routes
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
IP Routing and Addressing
IP Routing
IP Addressing and Subnetting
IP Forwarding by Matching the Most Specific Route
DNS, DHCP, ARP, and ICMP
Fragmentation and MTU
Routes to Directly Connected Subnets
Secondary IP Addressing
Supporting Connected Routes to Subnet Zero
ISL and 802.1Q Configuration on Routers
Static Routes
Configuring Static Routes
The Extended ping Command
Static Default Routes
Default Routes Using the ip route Command
Default Routes Using the ip default-network Command
Default Route Summary
Classful and Classless Routing
Summary of the Use of the Terms Classless and Classful
Classless and Classful Routing Compared
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 5 VLSM and Route Summarization
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
VLSM
Classless and Classful Routing Protocols
Overlapping VLSM Subnets
Designing a Subnetting Scheme Using VLSM
Adding a New Subnet to an Existing Design
VLSM Configuration
Manual Route Summarization
Route Summarization Concepts
Route Summarization Strategies
Sample "Best" Summary on Seville
Sample "Best" Summary on Yosemite
Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks
An Example of Autosummarization
Discontiguous Classful Networks
Autosummarization Support and Configuration
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Read Appendix F Scenarios
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 6 IP Access Control Lists
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Standard IP Access Control Lists
IP Standard ACL Concepts
Wildcard Masks
A Quicker Alternative for Interpreting Wildcard Masks
Standard IP Access List Configuration
Standard IP ACL: Example 1
Standard IP ACL: Example 2
Extended IP Access Control Lists
Extended IP ACL Concepts
Matching TCP and UDP Port Numbers
Extended IP ACL Configuration
Extended IP Access Lists: Example 1
Extended IP Access Lists: Example 2
Advances in Managing ACL Configuration
Named IP Access Lists
Editing ACLs Using Sequence Numbers
Miscellaneous ACL Topics
Controlling Telnet and SSH Access with ACLs
ACL Implementation Considerations
Reflexive Access Lists
Dynamic ACLs
Time-Based ACLs
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Read the Appendix F Scenarios
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 7 Troubleshooting IP Routing
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
The ping and traceroute Commands
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
The ping Command and the ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply
The Destination Unreachable ICMP Message
The Redirect ICMP Message
The ICMP Time Exceeded Message
The traceroute Command
Troubleshooting the Packet Forwarding Process
Isolating IP Routing Problems Related to Hosts
Isolating IP Routing Problems Related to Routers
Troubleshooting Scenario 1: Forward Route Problem
Troubleshooting Scenario 2: Reverse Route Problem
An Alternative Problem Isolation Process for Steps 3, 4, and 5
Troubleshooting Tools and Tips
Host Routing Tools and Perspectives
Host Troubleshooting Tips
LAN Switch IP Support
show ip route Reference
Interface Status
VLSM Issues
Recognizing When VLSM Is Used
Configuring Overlapping VLSM Subnets
Symptoms with Overlapping Subnets
VLSM Troubleshooting Summary
Discontiguous Networks and Autosummary
Access List Troubleshooting Tips
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Part III: Routing Protocols Configuration and Troubleshooting
Chapter 8 Routing Protocol Theory
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview
Routing Protocol Functions
Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols
Comparing IGPs
IGP Routing Protocol Algorithms
Metrics
IGP Comparisons: Summary
Administrative Distance
Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features
The Concept of a Distance and a Vector
Distance Vector Operation in a Stable Network
Distance Vector Loop Prevention
Route Poisoning
Problem: Counting to Infinity over a Single Link
Split Horizon
Poison Reverse and Triggered Updates
Problem: Counting to Infinity in a Redundant Network
The Holddown Process and Holddown Timer
Distance Vector Summary
Link-State Routing Protocol Features
Building the Same LSDB on Every Router
Applying Dijkstra SPF Math to Find the Best Routes
Convergence with Link-State Protocols
Summary and Comparisons to Distance Vector Protocols
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 9 OSPF
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
OSPF Protocols and Operation
OSPF Neighbors
Identifying OSPF Routers with a Router ID
Meeting Neighbors by Saying Hello
Potential Problems in Becoming a Neighbor
Neighbor States
OSPF Topology Database Exchange
Overview of the OSPF Database Exchange Process
Choosing a Designated Router
Database Exchange
Maintaining the LSDB While Being Fully Adjacent
Summary of Neighbor States
Building the IP Routing Table
Scaling OSPF Through Hierarchical Design
OSPF Areas
OSPF Area Design Advantages
OSPF Configuration
OSPF Single-Area Configuration
OSPF Configuration with Multiple Areas
Configuring the OSPF Router ID
OSPF Hello and Dead Timers
OSPF Metrics (Cost)
OSPF Authentication
OSPF Load Balancing
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 10 EIGRP
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
EIGRP Concepts and Operation
EIGRP Neighbors
Exchanging EIGRP Topology Information
Calculating the Best Routes for the Routing Table
Feasible Distance and Reported Distance
Caveats with Bandwidth on Serial Links
EIGRP Convergence
EIGRP Successors and Feasible Successors
The Query and Reply Process
EIGRP Summary and Comparisons with OSPF
EIGRP Configuration and Verification
Basic EIGRP Configuration
EIGRP Metrics, Successors, and Feasible Successors
Creating and Viewing a Feasible Successor Route
Convergence Using the Feasible Successor Route
EIGRP Authentication
EIGRP Maximum Paths and Variance
Tuning the EIGRP Metric Calculation
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 11 Troubleshooting Routing Protocols
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems
Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol
EIGRP Interface Troubleshooting Example
OSPF Interface Troubleshooting Example
Neighbor Relationships
EIGRP Neighbor Requirements
OSPF Neighbor Requirements
OSPF Neighbor Example 1
OSPF Neighbor Example 2
The MTU Matching Requirement
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Part IV: Wide-Area Networks
Chapter 12 Point-to-Point WANs
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
PPP Concepts
The PPP Protocol Field
PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP)
Looped Link Detection
Enhanced Error Detection
PPP Multilink
PPP Authentication
PPP Configuration
Basic PPP Configuration
CHAP Configuration and Verification
PAP Configuration
Troubleshooting Serial Links
Troubleshooting Layer 1 Problems
Troubleshooting Layer 2 Problems
Keepalive Failure
PAP and CHAP Authentication Failure
Troubleshooting Layer 3 Problems
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 13 Frame Relay Concepts
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Frame Relay Overview
Frame Relay Standards
Virtual Circuits
LMI and Encapsulation Types
Frame Relay Addressing
Frame Relay Local Addressing
Frame Relay Global Addressing
Network Layer Concerns with Frame Relay
Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame Relay DTEs
Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC
Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach
Layer 3 Broadcast Handling
Controlling Speed and Discards in the Frame Relay Cloud
FECN and BECN
The Discard Eligibility (DE) Bit
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Chapter 14 Frame Relay Configuration and Troubleshooting
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Frame Relay Configuration and Verification
Planning a Frame Relay Configuration
A Fully Meshed Network with One IP Subnet
Configuring the Encapsulation and LMI
Frame Relay Address Mapping
Inverse ARP
Static Frame Relay Mapping
A Partially Meshed Network with One IP Subnet Per VC
Assigning a DLCI to a Particular Subinterface
Comments About Global and Local Addressing
Frame Relay Verification
A Partially Meshed Network with Some Fully Meshed Parts
Frame Relay Troubleshooting
A Suggested Frame Relay Troubleshooting Process
Layer 1 Issues on the Access Link (Step 1)
Layer 2 Issues on the Access Link (Step 2)
PVC Problems and Status (Step 3)
Find the Connected Subnet and Outgoing Interface (Steps 3a and 3b)
Find the PVCs Assigned to That Interface (Step 3c)
Determine Which PVC Is Used to Reach a Particular Neighbor (Step 3d)
PVC Status
Subinterface Status
Frame Relay Mapping Issues (Step 4)
End-to-End Encapsulation (Step 5)
Mismatched Subnet Numbers (Step 6)
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Read the Appendix F Scenarios
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 15 Virtual Private Networks
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
VPN Fundamentals
IPsec VPNs
IPsec Encryption
IPsec Key Exchange
IPsec Authentication and Message Integrity
The ESP and AH Security Protocols
IPsec Implementation Considerations
SSL VPNs
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Part V: Scaling the IP Address Space
Chapter 16 Network Address Translation
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Perspectives on IPv4 Address Scalability
CIDR
Route Aggregation for Shorter Routing Tables
IPv4 Address Conservation
Private Addressing
Network Address Translation Concepts
Static NAT
Dynamic NAT
Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation (PAT)
Translating Overlapping Addresses
NAT Configuration and Troubleshooting
Static NAT Configuration
Dynamic NAT Configuration
NAT Overload (PAT) Configuration
NAT Troubleshooting
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Chapter 17 IP Version 6
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz
Foundation Topics
Global Unicast Addressing, Routing, and Subnetting
Global Route Aggregation for Efficient Routing
Conventions for Representing IPv6 Addresses
Conventions for Writing IPv6 Prefixes
Global Unicast Prefix Assignment Example
Subnetting Global Unicast IPv6 Addresses Inside an Enterprise
Prefix Terminology
IPv6 Protocols and Addressing
DHCP for IPv6
IPv6 Host Address Assignment
The IPv6 Interface ID and EUI-64 Format
Static IPv6 Address Configuration
Stateless Autoconfiguration and Router Advertisements
IPv6 Address Configuration Summary
Discovering the Default Router with NDP
Learning the IP Address(es) of DNS Servers
IPv6 Addresses
Unicast IPv6 Addresses
Multicast and Other Special IPv6 Addresses
Summary of IP Protocols and Addressing
Configuring IPv6 Routing and Routing Protocols
IPv6 Routing Protocols
IPv6 Configuration
IPv6 Transition Options
IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stacks
Tunneling
Translating Between IPv4 and IPv6 with NAT-PT
Transition Summary
Exam Preparation Tasks
Review All the Key Topics
Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory
Definitions of Key Terms
Command Reference to Check Your Memory
Part VI: Final Preparation
Chapter 18 Final Preparation
Tools for Final Preparation
Exam Engine and Questions on the CD
Install the Software from the CD
Activate and Download the Practice Exam
Activating Other Exams
The Cisco CCNA Prep Center
Subnetting Videos, Reference Pages, and Practice Problems
Scenarios
Study Plan
Recall the Facts
Practice Subnetting
Build Troubleshooting Skills Using Scenarios
Use the Exam Engine
Choosing Study or Simulation Mode
Choosing the Right Exam Option
Summary
Part VII: Appendixes
Appendix A Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Appendix B Decimal to Binary Conversion Table
Appendix C ICND2 Exam Updates: Version 1.0
Glossary
Index
Part VIII: CD-Only
Appendix D Subnetting Practice
Appendix E Subnetting Reference Pages
Appendix F Additional Scenarios
Appendix G Video Scenario Reference
Appendix H ICND1 Chapter 12: IP Addressing and Subnetting
Appendix I ICND1 Chapter 17: WAN Configuration
Appendix J Memory Tables
Appendix K Memory Tables Answer Key
Appendix L ICND2 Open-Ended Questions
Global Stores
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